![]() ![]() ![]() Group marking like gang clothing or tribal scarring can be outlawed, as well. To combat symbolization, hate symbols can be legally forbidden (swastikas in Germany) as can hate speech. When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups: the yellow star for Jews under Nazi rule, the blue scarf for people from the Eastern Zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia. Classification and symbolization are universally human and do not necessarily result in genocide unless they lead to dehumanization. We name people “Jews” or “Gypsies,” or distinguish them by colors or dress and apply the symbols to members of groups. SYMBOLIZATION: We give names or other symbols to the classifications. This search for common ground is vital to early prevention of genocide. Promotion of a common language in countries like Tanzania has also promoted transcendent national identity. The Roman Catholic Church could have played this role in Rwanda, had it not been riven by the same ethnic cleavages as Rwandan society. ![]() The main preventive measure at this early stage is to develop universalistic institutions that transcend ethnic or racial divisions, that actively promote tolerance and understanding, and that promote classifications that transcend the divisions. Bipolar societies that lack mixed categories, such as Rwanda and Burundi, are the most likely to have genocide. CLASSIFICATION: All cultures have categories to distinguish people into “us and them” by ethnicity, race, religion, or nationality: German and Jew, Hutu and Tutsi. But all stages continue to operate throughout the process. ![]() Logically, later stages must be preceded by earlier stages. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. Genocide is a process that develops in ten stages that are predictable but not inexorable. Stanton, President, Genocide WatchĬopyright 1986 Gregory H. ![]()
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